IPSA Scientia, revista científica multidisciplinaria. ISSN: 2711-4406 | e-ISSN:2744-8355

Abril-Junio 2021, Vol. 6, Nro. 2, pp. 52-62

Review Article

Ecomap or Ecomapping in the productive sector: Practical

tool for the diagnosis of the environmental situation

Ecomapa o Ecomapeo en el sector productivo: Herramienta practica para el

diagnóstico de la situación ambiental

SEVERICHE-SIERRA, Carlos

Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios - UNIMINUTO, Barranquilla, Colombia

AHUMADA-VILLAFAÑE, Irlena

Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios - UNIMINUTO, Barranquilla, Colombia

Autor corresponsal: carlos.severiche@uniminuto.edu.co

Recibido: 30-03-2021; Aceptado: 05-06-2021; En línea: 09-06-2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.25214/27114406.1139

Cómo citar este artículo:

Severiche-Sierra, C. & Ahumada-Villafañe, I. (2021). Ecomap or Ecomapping in the productive sector: Practical

tool for the diagnosis of the environmental situation. IPSA Scientia, revista científica multidisciplinaria, 6(2), 52-62.

https://doi.org/10.25214/27114406.1139

Commons Reconocimiento 4.0

Abstract - The organizations are aware of the need to insert them in this international market, which has as a

mandatory requirement to demonstrate a solid environmental performance in correspondence with the expectations

of the interested parties and the transparency of their information. The application of environmental management

tools constitutes a fundamental element within modern business strategies, since they allow improving the

environmental performance of a company, without affecting its profitability and even increasing it, since its

adoption implies concepts of quality and technical efficiency. The Ecomaps allow analyzing, managing and

communicating on the management of resources, water, energy, materials and supplies, as well as the management

of waste, emissions, discharges and risks in a productive or functional activity, in environmental matters. The main

objective of this review article is to qualitatively analyze the scientific literature available in the Science Direct,

Scielo, Redalyc databases and official Web pages, using as search words: environment, industrial, ecomap,

company, sustainability. Relevant information related to the proposed objective was obtained, which is presented in

3 sections: Diagnosis of the environmental situation in companies, Ecomap or Ecomapping, Types of Ecomaps.

Ecomapping is a step-by-step process to collect useful information and trigger immediate environmental actions.

The ecomaps verify the processes and behaviors of the collaborators and induce immediate improvements.

Keywords: PHVA cycle, industrial pollution, environmental diagnosis, Ecomapping, Ecomap.

Resumen - Las organizaciones son conscientes de la necesidad de insertarse en este mercado internacional, que tiene

como requisito obligatorio demostrar un sólido desempeño ambiental en correspondencia con las expectativas de los

interesados y la transparencia de su información. La aplicación de herramientas de gestión ambiental constituye un

elemento fundamental dentro de las estrategias empresariales modernas, ya que permiten mejorar el desempeño

ambiental de una empresa, sin afectar su rentabilidad e incluso incrementarla, ya que su adopción implica conceptos

Ecomap or Ecomapping in the productive sector: Practical tool for the diagnosis of the environmental situation

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de calidad y eficiencia técnica. Los Ecomapas permiten analizar, gestionar y comunicar sobre la gestión de recursos,

agua, energía, materiales y suministros, así como la gestión de residuos, emisiones, vertidos y riesgos en una

actividad productiva o funcional, en materia medioambiental. El objetivo principal de este artículo de revisión es

analizar cualitativamente la literatura científica disponible en las bases de datos y páginas web oficiales de Science

Direct, Scielo, Redalyc, utilizando como palabras de búsqueda: medio ambiente, industrial, ecomapa, empresa,

sostenibilidad. Se obtuvo información relevante relacionada con el objetivo propuesto, que se presenta en 3

apartados: Diagnóstico de la situación ambiental en las empresas, Ecomapa o Ecomapeo, Tipos de Ecomapas. El

Ecomapeo es un proceso paso a paso para recopilar información útil y desencadenar acciones ambientales

inmediatas. Los ecomapas verifican los procesos y comportamientos de los colaboradores e inducen mejoras

inmediatas.

Palabras clave: Ciclo PHVA, contaminación industrial, diagnóstico ambiental, Ecomapeo, Ecomapa.

Introduction

In today's world, the tangible assets of an organization are not the only recognized assets.

Coordinated activities are carried out in order to direct and control an organization, which may

include the establishment of policies, objectives and processes (He et al., 2021; Ruiz et al., 2019;

Bedoya et al., 2017). It is not only about productions and quality, price and innovation; an

element of competitiveness is also constituted by environmental behavior and the need for

companies to enter the international market (Ayinde et al., 2021; Cozzolino & Moroni, 2021).

The organizations are aware of this and of the need to insert them in this international market,

which has as a mandatory requirement to demonstrate a solid environmental performance in

correspondence with the expectations of the interested parties and the transparency of their

information. Thus, information related to the environment is a top issue on international agendas

that also has an impact on organizations (Moussa et al., 2021; Mungai et al., 2020).

The application of environmental management tools constitutes a fundamental element within

modern business strategies, since they allow improving the environmental performance of a

company, without affecting its profitability and even increasing it, since its adoption implies

concepts of quality and technical efficiency (Ruiz et al., 2019). However, the total solution of the

environmental problems generated represents a considerable financial investment such as risk

capital with the costs associated with it. Several factors are needed for an increase in the

profitability of companies to be perceived with the adoption of environmental management

strategies (Villalba et al., 2017). These factors include current environmental legislation,

consumer reaction, public opinion and the effect that this investment has on other competing

companies (Bag et al., 2020; Braig & Edinger, 2020; Chege & Wang, 2020; Rafiq et al., 2020).

At the end of the 80s of the last century, many countries became aware of the need to preserve

and protect the environment and to exploit their natural resources with sustainability criteria.

This new attitude represents a challenge for modern industries, turning it into an added value that

gives them a competitive advantage by successfully marketing their products and by

guaranteeing public opinion that, although they carry out activities that may degrade the

environment, they are managed with criteria suitable (Jaimes, 2018). In this sense, the global

industrial network has been progressively adopting the use of Environmental Management

Systems (Chowdhury et al., 2021; Movilla et al., 2020).

Ecomap or Ecomapping in the productive sector: Practical tool for the diagnosis of the environmental situation

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Concern for environmental problems is becoming ever greater in current contexts. The causes

and consequences of socio-environmental problems inherent to world economic development, a

rouses interest in considering environmental criteria as part of the business management

developed by organizations in search of sustainable development, accompanied by social

responsibility practices (Sardana et al., 2020).

The challenge is today within the production process, as it is possible to make changes that

reduce waste and the consumption of resources such as water and energy. In companies, changes

in favor of the environment or efficiency can then be translated into economic benefits (Santos et

al., 2019; Severiche et al., 2016). It is at such a time that we will be on the way to a more durable

competitiveness: sustainable competitiveness, since the main way to achieve sustainable

development is through the application of cleaner production technologies (Chen et al., 2020;

Sheldon & Norton, 2020). For all that has been stated so far, the objective of this work is to

review the Ecomaps as a practical tool for diagnosing the environmental situation in the business

productive sector.

Diagnosis of the environmental situation in companies

Environmental management seen from various points is a very important instrument for

continuous improvement aimed at the execution, management and planning of the activities to be

carried out in the production processes (Ciruela et al., 2020). Many industries generate serious

environmental problems, due to the great quantity and diversity of their production processes and

their polluting nature, which has increased the concern for maintaining and improving the quality

of the environment (da Silva et al., 2021; Mosteanu, 2020).

Simultaneously, the critical position of the host communities of the negative effects of industrial

production, such as: the crisis of garbage and hazardous waste, the green house effect, acid rain

and the depletion of the ozone layer, has forced companies to make decisions to remedy the

situation of social rejection generated by the industrial sector (Witek-Crabb, 2019). These

solutions have been manifested through various lines of action, among which are the

establishment of controls, the development of policies and legislation on environmental matters

that seek to protect the world environment, the dissemination of training and information

campaigns, the establishment of programs of environmental education and the adoption of

environmental management tools by companies (Le Duc, 2020; Haibo et al., 2019; Arghand et

al., 2018).

Understanding the context of an organization is a process that determines the factors that

influence its purpose, objectives, and sustainability (Fuyan et al., 2020). It considers internal

factors such as the values, culture, knowledge and performance of the organization. It also takes

into account external factors such as legal, technological, competitive, market, cultural, social

and economic environments (Isensee et al., 2020; Shahzad et al., 2020).

At the production level, the Cleaner Production tools used for the analysis of findings are the

eco-map, eco-balance, environmental accounting, lifecycles, material matrices and energy use,

material flow analysis, environmental audits, eco-designs and eco-labels (Wyrwicka & Chuda,

2019). These tools are techniques or methods that allow to exercise control in determining the

Ecomap or Ecomapping in the productive sector: Practical tool for the diagnosis of the environmental situation

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current environmental status of a process or service, in order to strategically support the use of

resources, thus generating a preventive proposal that includes actions aimed at support the

processes, re-evaluate the objectives, goals, verify and exercise control in environmental

management, in addition to providing valuable information for decision-making, thus generating

an impact on the environment with less risk and generating an integration of the processes that

would lead to the reduction of waste and emissions. What is simply summarized in social,

environmental and economic benefits (Panameño et al., 2019; Pereira et al., 2018; Koroljova &

Voronova, 2007).

Ecomap or Ecomapping

The Ecomaps allow analyzing, managing and communicating about the management of

resources, water, energy, materials and supplies, as well as the management of waste, emissions,

discharges and risks in a productive or functional activity, in environmental matters. As its name

indicates, it corresponds to a graphic representation of the critical points of the place through

which the are/as with higher consumption, waste generation and/or storage, inappropriate

management, are as that present environmental risks and the health of workers or beneficiaries,

among others (Acevedo & Severiche, 2013).

Likewise, it is a tool that allows the application of inventories in a planned way in order to

establish variables that show the relevant aspects based on the industrial activities that affect the

environment. Visualize the physical reality of the activities and the environmental impacts

involved to be studied. It is a simple and easily applied strategy that allows a quick inventory of

practices and multiple variable problems through the use of figures. Ecomaps are diagnostic

tools, focused on the entity as a whole and of a qualitative type according to the type of

information they produce (Carabaño et al., 2017).

Additionally, it is a schematic method that creates a "snapshot" by using symbols on a simple site

plan. The visual approach makes Ecomapping easy to understand and a useful support tool to

increase house hold awareness of the environmental impacts of house hold activities. It also

allows more people to get involved at an early stage without requiring a great deal of specialized

knowledge (Carpenter et al., 2007).

This type of diagnosis offers the possibility of a correct environmental management and the

improvement of many aspects in relation to the environmental area. This is a tool that is based on

the collection of information, not only on the location of the different sources that can generate

contamination, but also on those sectors that are located in points of high risk of contamination.

In each of these maps, the entrances and exits are identified, the potential dangers, and if there is

a problem of particular interest, a specific map is made for this problem, they can be used as part

of the documentation of the company's environmental management system, and they must be

made in such a way that they can be reusable and that they can be updated over the years. In

Figure 1, an example of the appearance of an Ecomap is illustrated, initially detailing the zones

or areas and the symbology for the input and output environmental aspects (López et al., 2021).

Ecomap or Ecomapping in the productive sector: Practical tool for the diagnosis of the environmental situation

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Figure 1. Example of an Ecomap

Source:Taken from Severiche et al. (2017)

Ecomap or Ecomapping in the productive sector: Practical tool for the diagnosis of the environmental situation

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In short, the Ecomap recognizes the potential dangers of different situations and a specific map is

drawn up. For example, the interaction of the company's activity with the nearest community,

land use, water consumption and discharge, waste management and storage and raw materials,

among others, allowing the visualization of the facilities for each process of the cycles wine

reproductive system, in it the areas where there is the greatest environmental contamination,

either to water or atmospheric sources, were determined (Zhu, 2014).

Types of Ecomaps

Among the advantages that are associated with the use of Ecomaps is that anyone in the

company can use it as a support for their work and training, and do so without the need for

complicated procedures that make it difficult to apply (Severiche et al., 2017). In each of these

maps, the entrances and exits, the potential dangers are identified, and if there is a problem of

particular interest, a specific map is drawn up for this problem. Thus, there may be different

types of Ecomaps depending on their source studied. Among the main ones are:

• Neighborhood map: this map places the urban or rural context of the company or productive

activity. Among the key aspects that this type of maps should show are the areas of interaction

between the company and its neighbors, the use of the land (indicate if it corresponds to the

regulations). The generation of traffic due to the activity of the company, and the general

situation of the company in the neighborhood. In this Ecomap you can also identify those points

of conflict with the neighborhood, which, being critical for the company, merit the development

of a new Ecomap in this regard (Zuniga et al., 2021).

• Water Map: this Ecomap investigates everything regarding the water resource, especially the

points of consumption and disposal. It investigates the point where there is more water

consumption, which processes are the ones that can most contaminate the resource, possible

accidents, waste and bad practices, and areas of savings, among other aspects. Thus, in this

Ecomap, possible threats to water sources due to accidents, and the conditions of storage are as

near water sources can be identified (Rahim & Raman, 2015).

A. Pipe system

B. Waste areas

C. Discharges

D. Critical area – possible threat to water sources

• Waste Map: this Ecomap seeks to show what the handling of materials is and where waste

exists, in order to identify alternatives for the prevention and minimization of waste. Then, the

raw material storage areas, the solid waste generation points, the disposal sites, the direction of

the flows, the types of waste, and the amount of waste generated should be plotted (Ferronato

&Torretta, 2019).

• Energy Map: this Ecomap identifies the points of energy consumption and generation. Among

the points that must be identified are the places of consumption, places of excessive lighting,

places of heat loss, machinery with excess capacity, connections that are defective, and

emissions from energy use. In addition, it must be described what types and how much energy is

Ecomap or Ecomapping in the productive sector: Practical tool for the diagnosis of the environmental situation

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consumed in the company's facilities (Kurdve et al., 2012).

• Other Ecomaps: ecomaps can be made depending on the critical points of the company. For

example, noise, air quality, among others. In the realization of the Ecomaps symbols with a clear

meaning should be used, which serve to differentiate the different situations within the plant

(Bruzzi et al., 2011).

Ecomapping can also be comprehensive. Therefore, it is understood that factors associated with

water, energy, waste, noise and the most important characteristics of the plant can be plotted on a

single plane (Singh et al., 2021). Once the ecomaps have been made, and the information

collected from this process has been recorded, a work program should be carried out where

solutions to the problems indicated on each map are proposed (Aktaş et al., 2021). In addition, it

should be taken into account that the Ecomaps can be used as part of the documentation of the

company's Environmental Management System and must be made in such a way that they can be

reusable and that they can be updated over the years (Abdel et al., 2016). We can say then, that

the elaboration of the Ecomaps helps us, like the initial environmental review, to make us an

initial visualization of the company's environmental priorities. The ecomaps verify the processes

and behavior of the collaborators and induce immediate improvements on their part (Baquero,

2020).

Conclusions

The different maps (water, energy, air and waste) create a useful set of graphical information for

multiple players and immediately lead to programs of environmental action. As 80% of

environmental information is location-based, the Ecomap shows what is happening and where.

Ecomapping is the ideal strategy to understand environmental issues, material flows, opinions

and issues associated with the site. Ecomapping is a step-by-step process to collect useful

information and immediately trigger environmental actions. The ecomaps verify the processes

and behavior of the collaborators and induce immediate improvements on their part, among

them, we have:

• Unnecessary energy consumption

• Incorrect waste separation

• High consumption of raw materials and fossil fuels

• Inappropriate handling of harmful substances

• Breach of established processes and procedures

• Absence of filters, emission reduction

• Leaks (tanks, water, pressurized air)

• Incorrect storage, fluids on the ground

• Inadequate facilities

• Old facilities

• Employees have not been efficiently instructed on environmental, safety and health aspects.

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